Mole Ratio of Chemical Reactions Essay

OBJECTIVE In this experiment, you will determine the number of moles of reactants and products present in the reaction of copper and silver nitrate, and calculate their mole-to-mole ratio. The mole-to-mole ratio relating to the disappearance of copper and the formation of silver metal will be used to write the balanced equation for the reaction. The reaction of copper metal with silver nitrate solution is a single replacement reaction, represented by the following unbalanced equation: Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s) The values of the coefficients can be determined experimentally by measuring the mass of copper wire that reacts with the mass of silver that is produced in the above reaction. BACKGROUND MATERIALS NEEDED The reaction of copper and silver nitrate in aqueous solution provides an interesting display of chemistry in action – delicate silver crystals begin to grow on the wire surface and the colour of copper(II) ions gradually appears in the solution. Stoichiometry is the area of chemistry that deals with the numerical relationships and mathematical proportions of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. One of the most important lessons of stoichiometry is that the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction are related to one another on a mole basis. Chemical reactions are normally represented by balanced chemical equations. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation summarize the relative number of moles of each reactant and product involved in a chemical reaction. The ratios of these coefficients represent the mole-to-mole (or simply mole) ratios that govern the disappearance of reactants and the appearance of products. Knowing the mole ratios in a bala nced chemical equation is essential to solving stoichiometry problems. General Chemistry 1 Lab Acetone Copper wire 3 M HNO3 AgNO3, silver nitrate 50 mL beaker 100 or 150 mL beaker Toothpick Stirring rod Wash bottle 50 mL measuring cylinder SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Nitric acid is a corrosive liquid and strong oxidizer. Silver nitrate is a corrosive solid and is toxic by ingestion; it will stain skin and clothes. Acetone is a flammable liquid – avoid contact with flames and other sources of ignition. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes, skin, and clothing. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory area. Page | 1 PROCEDURE 1. Obtain a clean, dry 50 mL beaker. Carefully add 1.40 – 1.60 g of silver nitrate crystals to the beaker. Caution: use a spatula to transfer the solid. Do not touch the silver nitrate and carefully clean up any spilled material on the balance or the bench top. 2. Measure and record the exact mass of silver nitrate to the nearest 0.01 g. 3. Fill the beaker with 30 mL of distilled water and stir the mixture with a s tirring rod until all the solid has dissolved. Rinse the stirring rod over the beaker with a little distilled water. 4. Take a piece of copper wire and loosely coil it. 5. Find the initial mass of the copper wire to the nearest 0.01 g and record it. 6. Use a toothpick to suspend the copper wire in the silver nitrate solution. The copper wire should not be touching the bottom or sides of the beaker. 7. Carefully add 3 drops of 3 M HNO3 to the beaker. Do NOT stir the solution. 8. Allow the beaker to sit on the lab bench for 15 minutes. Try not to jostle or shake the suspended copper wire in any way. 9. Observe the signs of chemical reaction occurring in the beaker and record all observations. 10. While the reaction is taking place, label a 100 or 150 mL beaker with your name and class session. Measure and record the mass of this beaker. 11. After 15 minutes, gently lift the toothpick to remove the copper wire from the solution. 12. Holding the wire with the wooden toothpick, place the copper wire above the 100 or 150 mL beaker. Rinse the wire with a steady stream of distilled water from a wash bottle. The silver crystals should easily fall off the wire into the beaker. Gently shake the wire and rinse with General Chemistry 1 Lab water until no more silver adheres to the wire. Note: Use a total of about 40 mL of distilled water. 13. When all of the silver has been removed, lift the copper wire out of the beaker and place it in anot her beaker containing acetone. The acetone will clean the wire surface and allow it to dry more quickly. Note: Several groups can share this same rinse beaker of acetone. 14. Remove the copper wire from the acetone beaker and allow it to air dry for 3-4 minutes. 15. Measure and record the final mass of the copper wire. Note the appearance of the leftover wire and record your observations. 16. Examine the beaker containing the silver product. Most of the silver should have settled into a dense mass at the bottom of the beaker. Carefully decant the liquid into a waste flask to remove most of the water. Note: Try not to lose any of the solid in the process. 17. Rinse the solid with 5-10 mL of distilled water from a wash bottle. Decant the rinse water into the waste water flask as well. 18. Repeat the rinsing and decanting cycle with a second portion of distilled water. 19. Discard the waste water in the large beaker in the fume hood. 20. When all of the water has been decanted, place the labelled beaker containing th e silver product on the warming tray in the fume hood. 21. Allow the solid to dry overnight. 22. When the solid is dry, measure and record the final mass of the beaker plus silver solid. Page | 2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. Define: a. Law of Conservation of Matter b. Molar mass c. Mole d. Stoichiometry e. Limiting reagent 2. Solve: a. Using the balanced equation for the reaction of aluminum with iodine, answer the following questions: 2 Al (s) + 3 I2 (s) → Al2I6 (s) i. How many moles of Al2I6 are produced by the reaction of 4.0 mol of aluminum? ii. How many moles of I2 are required to react exactly with 0.429 mol of aluminium? b. What mass of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, would be required to produce 16 g of the antacid milk of magnesia [magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2] by the reaction of magnesium chloride, MgCl2, with NaOH? MgCl2 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq) i. Which reactant is limiting? ii. How much water will the reaction produce? POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1. Calculate the mass and moles of copper wire that reacted in this experiment. Show your calculations. 2. Calculate the mass and moles of the silver produced in this experiment. Show your calculations. 3. Determine the mole ratio – the ratio of the number of moles of silver to the number of moles of copper. Round the result to the nearest whole number. Show your calculations. 4. Use the silver/copper mole ratio to write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction of copper and silver nitrate. 5. What was the limiting reagent in this experiment? Show all calculations and explain your answer. 6. Given what you know about copper, silver nitrate and this kind of single replacement reaction, what would you have predicted the balanced chemical equation to be? 7. Explain the possible differences between Question 4 and Question 6. 8. Do the results of your experiment support the Law of Conservation of Matter? Explain. c. Calculate the mass of oxygen gas, O2, required for the combustion of 702 g of octane, C8H18. 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2 O (l) d. A mixture of 5.0 g of H2 (g) and 10.0 g of O2 (g) is ignited. Water forms according to the following addition reaction: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g) General Chemistry 1 Lab

Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: American Perspective Many of the pieces if literature have different perspectives on the American society and government and also have different affects on the readers. One piece of literature that really deals with American society in the 19th century is Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This piece of literature deals with racism and the different reforms the government was trying to enforce, which made some people quite upset, along with giving different perspectives of society at this time.One of the character's in this story is referred to as Pap. This is Huck Finn's father and he seems to be in the lower social class of society. He is an alcoholic who thinks the government is against him and also believes the government is stupid for its different reforms, especially the one that lets Negros be free and not slaves in the South if they have not been there for a long enough time. He believes that all Negros should be slaves and that the government is stupid for not implementing that belief.The whole issue with slaves is not an issue anymore, but still many people are racists, including the older generation. This type of attitude is still held by some people, that Negros should be held at a lower class because they are not good as white people or that the Negros think they are better than white people. Pap also believes the justice system is corrupt and it is all about power. He refuses to give custody of Huck to Judge Thatcher and the Widow because he feels like he has more right to Huck because he is his father, even though he has a history of neglect and abuse.This reflects some of the lower class even now because some people feel like their children should not be taken away from them, even though they abuse them or neglect them or something that is just not legal. They will disrespect the justice system and say several crude statements about our justice system. Pap is a character in this novel that reflects some of the lowest in the lower class in American society from the 19th century and now. Pap makes one think about how the members of the lower class act.Some of the lower class are proud people and refuse to act this way, but there are the alcoholics and drug addicts of this class that gives everyone a bad name. Pap represents the worst of the lower class for the 19th century and he displays that not much has changed for these types of people, other than now they take money from the government and then say the government is horrible. This novel shows other perspectives of American society. There is Jim, who is a slave, which gives almost the opposite perspectives to Pap.Jim is a genuinely nice person when he is even lower than Pap in social ranking. The Widow gives a different perspective. She does not speak much about her view of the government but she is perceived as lower class to middle class. She believes everyone should be civilized, which Pap and Huck are not. She g ives a very different perspective then Pap, Huck, or Jim. Then there is the perception of society Huck has. He wants to run away from it all. He does not want to be part of a society where he has to be civilized.He is a typical teenager and some teens in the present think and act in these ways. The different perspectives represented in this book seem to be represented even now, in 2013. This piece of literature changed my perspective on America because it made me realize that this is still how many Americans act in society today. There might be different issues, but there is still the attitudes that are displayed in this piece of literature. People think we have moved forward and become better, but we truly have not done this.This book may not be modern, but it applies to many modern situations and behaviors of the different social classes and the government. All one has to do is read this book and think about the ignorant people in our society and realize we have not really changed at all in the past 150 to 200 years other than more equal rights and we have all gotten lazier because of technology. Those are the only differences in our society now, and this novel made me realize this.

Summary Iroquois Chiefs Address the governors of new york and virginia Term Paper

Summary Iroquois Chiefs Address the governors of new york and virginia - Term Paper Example s of how they—the Iroquois—have rejected Pennsylvania’s offer to buy the Susquehana River, thus demonstrating the Iroquois’ loyalty to the Duke of York, The Iroquois chiefs are quick to point out, however, that when provoked, the Iroquois are like the â€Å"Wolves in the Woods,† thus explaining the number of hostilities that have occurred between the Iroquois and the English in Virginia and Maryland. Chief among these hostilities involves the Iroquois abduction of five young Indians, who were in the service of the English. However, as it’s pointed out by the Iroquois chiefs, all is well now as the Iroquois nations involved in the abduction have promised to return the five young Indians to their rightful English owners. Presently, the Iroquois chiefs thank the Duke of York whose intervention on behalf of the Iroquois has prevented the hostilities with Virginia from escalating. And to assure that peace will prevail between the Iroquois and the English, the Iroquois chiefs promise to bring the tribe the Cahnawaas, who are native to Maryland, into the alliance. In conclusion, the Iroquois chiefs acknowledge that it will be difficult for the Iroquois to fully commit to the English and shake off the French influence which was especially strong among the Iroquois nations of the Onnondagas, the Cayugas, and the Oneydoes. The Iroquois chiefs mention a French Jesuit by the name of Milet who had attained the status of Sachem (leader) within the Oneydoes nation and whose influence was so great that the other nations failed to persuade Oneydoes to part with Milet. Indeed, for all their present antagonism to France and the French influence, the Iroquois chiefs admit that they have a grudging admiration for the French Jesuits who would dare to live among their enemies for the sake of carrying out their sworn

Systems Analysis & Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Systems Analysis & Design - Essay Example This paper will give details of Use Case Diagrams, Use Cases, Activity Diagram, Class Diagram, Sequence diagram and State Diagram of Caledonian Hotel System information system. Traditional information system projects were developed using the Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC) or ‘Waterfall Model’ to manage and implement the system. Designed in the 1960s this methodology sees the process split into a series of distinct steps: Using the above ‘top-down’ process each step cannot commence until the preceding step has been completed and the findings passed down the chain, at each stage a review can take place to ensure that the requirements identified in the previous stage have been met. In recent years, this development process has come to be seen as too rigid, one of the major problems with this process is that the timescale involved from the project inception to the stage of implementation is far too long. Problems and delays at each stage of the process often result in late delivery of a system. However, a more serious problem is that because the development process is so long the final system produced can be out of date by the time it is released for use. As time passes, user requirements for a system may evolve as a company embraces new working process or technology, it is easy for these changes not to be incorporated into the system being developed and as a result, the completed system ma y not be fit for its intended purpose. To try and combat these problems new Iterative development processes have been adopted. This new iterative approach involves breaking the entire project into small ‘chunks’ based on functionality, rather than looking to deliver a complete solution one year after the project starts as the traditional waterfall process does, this iterative style will look to produce a working solution in a few months. This initial solution

Globalization and Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalization and Economy - Essay Example What is Globalization? Globalization means that the market goes beyond national borders, thus integrating world trade and financial markets (Czenter, 2002, p. 8). Globalization is the result of countries reducing their barriers for other countries to trade with them or directly investment in the country’s industries. These barriers were traditionally erected, so that each country had a buffer between all other countries, and globalization dismantles them (O’Riain, 2000, p. 2). This integration of world systems is accomplished in one of three major ways, according to O’Raiain (2000). The first way is through an integration of markets through the process of international trade and production. The second way is that states compete with one another to attract foreign capital and also compete with one another for the right to organize the global economy. Third, â€Å"models of state market interaction may diffuse through the world-system through the interaction of th e states and particularly through the influence of transnational organizational actors† (O’Riain, 2000, p. 3). That said, 70% of trade occurs between the triad of North America, Western Europe and East Asia (Ostry, 2005). Multinational companies are the drivers for free trade. However, Ostry (2005) argues that these companies really are not globalizers, as much of their trade and investments are regional. For instance, multinational companies in Western Europe tend to trade to other countries in Western Europe, while American firms by and large invest in their neighboring countries of Canada, Mexico and South America. Meanwhile, Japanese firms tend to trade and invest with South Korea, China and Southeast Asia (Ostry, 2005). Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalism Globalization may be either advantageous or disadvantageous, and whether it is one or the other depends upon different factors. For instance, globalization might break down the economic backbone of some coun tries that are still developing (Czenter, 2002, p. 14). Some countries that were considered to be developing as of 2002 were China, Malaysia, the Phillipines and India, and the effects of globalization on these countries’ labour markets were studied by Frenkel & Kuruvilla (2002). Frenkel & Kuruvilla note that there were two competing schools of thought on how globalization would affect labour markets and employment relations in developing countries. One school of thought was that free trade and foreign direct investment can only help developing countries, as these countries should experience job growth and increased wages due to there being an increase of industrial activity in these countries. The other school of thought was that free trade and foreign direct investment would have a negative effect on labour markets and employment relations in these developing countries. This is because of increased competition from the foreign firms, so that domestic goods are replaced by t hose made abroad; a displacement of domestic workers due to the fact that multinationals export jobs to these countries; and increased technology means fewer jobs for workers (International Labour Organization, 2011). This is also because some international markets are only open to the stronger countries, closing the door to countries that do not have a strong international portfolio (Frenkel & Kuruvilla, 2002, p. 3). Dries & Swinnen (2003) found that globalization is often advantageous for

Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Essay

Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Question - Essay Example 3. Provide an example of the hypothesis for the study. 4. Write a 750-word paper including the research question and design, and explain why the research design is appropriate for the research question. 5. Identify the research design as correlational, quasi-experimental, or experimental, and defend your choice using a critical approach including cited references. 6. Provide an example of how you could change the research question to use a different research design. Topic: Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Question Exploring relationship between research design and the research question By The present study aims to explore the linkage between the research design and the research question. While â€Å"research is the discovery of answers to questions through the application of scientific and systematic procedures†; the research question asks what the tentative relationship among variables might be, or it asks about the state of nature of some pheno menon (Keyton, 2006). On the other hand, a research design can be viewed as somewhat like a master plan. It stipulates the methods and procedures that are to be adopted for collecting and analysing the necessary information for the research (Zikmund & Babin, 2007). A different perspective of research design was presented by Zikumnd & Babin (2007) – that the research design is somewhat like a master plan, which specifies the methods and procedures to be adopted for collecting and analysing the required information. The research problem Considering these definitions, the present work proceeds to develop a research question for a quantitative study on the relationship between one dependent variable ‘wage’ and three independent variables - (1) educational attainment, (2) skill (professional qualification) and (3) ability (experience). A variable is an element that is specifically identified in the research hypotheses or questions, necessitating to be expressed as mor e than one value or in various categories (Keyton, 2006). It is common wisdom that education benefits the individual, the nation and the society as well in many ways. While, the individual is benefitted in the form of increase wages and consequently a better lifestyle; the nation is benefitted in terms of increased taxes. The society too is benefitted as researchers have observed that college graduates have shown to have lower smoking rates, more positive perception towards personal health, and healthier lifestyles than the less educated (Baum & Ma, 2007). Overall the society is benefitted in the form of more responsible citizens, which is believed to be due to educational achievement. Whereas, these benefits generally delineate the qualitative characteristics of the issue, there is a need to know how educational attainment, professional qualification and experience influence the wages earned by an individual. The research question The study is significant and desirable and therefor e, it is worthwhile to undertake a research on the subject. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to explore the correlation between

If employee involvement and participation were used effectively by Essay

If employee involvement and participation were used effectively by organistions many conflicts would never occur - Essay Example company’s production output efficiency as well as employee’s commitment in attaining the organizational goal and overall financial success of the business. (Bryson, 1999) Basically, increasing a company’s production output contributes a lot of savings in terms of being able to maximize the company’s fixed costs. Eventually, a higher production rate increases the company’s profitability from the sales of products and services. With regards to the practice of employee involvement, several authors have noted that each type of employee involvement technique or a combination of these techniques have different effects on employee’s performance. (Cabrera, Ortega, & Cabrera, 2003; McNabb & Whitfield, 1998) In line with the purpose of this study, HR student will first define the meaning of employee involvement. Given that each type of employee involvement technique or a combination of these techniques have different effects on employee’s performance, there is a need for the HR student to identify and discuss the different types of employee involvement and participation techniques including the significance of reward systems in terms of solving organizational conflicts that could hinder the attainability of organizational goals and objectives. Eventually, the benefits of employee involvement and participation will be thoroughly discussed. Prior to conclusion, the HR student will discuss some of the challenges that human resource managers will be facing when implementing employee involvement and participation including the recommended ways on how human resource managers could implement employee involvement and participation in order to solve organization conflicts. Employee involvement is considered as â€Å"the voluntary employer-led initiatives that are designed to encourage more active employee to participate in the business organization.† (Caldwell, 1993) Among the long list of benefits associated with the implementation of employee involvement and

What is the hejab Why has it become so popular in recent decades, Essay

What is the hejab Why has it become so popular in recent decades, France banned hijab in 2004 - Essay Example It is important to consider all these aspects because the hijab has grown to be a weighty and contested symbol that needs thoughtful decoding. Owing to its connections with various political as well as cultural representations in different circumstances, any analysis of the function of the hijab also has to take into account political as well as social elements that modern Muslim communities are faced with on a daily basis. Islam supports the notion that devout men as well as women ought to wear extremely conservative clothing in order to be able to focus on the aspect of daily communication with and worship of ‘Allah’. For women, this translates to wearing an outer garment that completely obscures the female form. This garment, the ‘Abaya’, is then rounded off by the ‘Hijab’, which is a veil that covers the neck and forehead (Bowen, 2010). This garment is primarily worn by women when they are in public places. However, there are even women who wear them in their homes. The more devout female devotees even add an additional net-like cloth, known as the ‘niqab’, over the eyes in order to completely cover all surfaces of the body. Such severity of dress is more common in nations with fundamentalist governments such as Saudi Arabia. However, in Western nations, women are more likely to don the simple veil, the ‘hijab’, to cover their hair an d neck area. According to Freedman (2004) in Muslim societies, it is considered that any girl born into the world experiences two births. The first takes place when the girl is physically bornand the second takes place upon reaching the age of puberty, upon which she is encouraged to adopt the hijab. The wearing of the Hijab is believed by many Muslims to have religious origins. According to Bowen (2010) the hijab was actually a gift from Allah to women. In a verse in the Holy Quran, Allah stated, ‘O Prophet! Inform your spouses

To what extent do you agree with free market economies being more Essay

To what extent do you agree with free market economies being more effective than a mixed economy - Essay Example The following are some of the mixed economies where with illustrations indicating statistics of government spending in relation to GDP: Sweden 57%, France 52.8%, Iceland 57%, USA 38 %, China 20%, UK 47.3, and Hongkong 18.6%. There are other countries as well. Such economies are government managed while the rest are individual or private firms managed. As the economies grow, the government usually takes higher portion of the total spending. In developed countries, e.g. Western Europe opts to offer state welfare support. The government greatly regulates business environment and environment. Benefits of Mixed Market Economies Most businesses and industries are usually governed privately. Normally, private firms are more effective than government ones since they are usually innovative in nature and provide cheaper services and products. In a mixed economy, the government does not have the total control over the market i.e. such as in market regulation et cetera. It has been argued (Urai 2010) mixed economy may in given cases allow government to regulate the market during instances of market failure. This may include: Regulation of monopoly where they abuse their status e.g. controlling hiked prices, prevent mergers, subsidizing goods and services commonly under consumed in free market. This may include healthcare, national defense, public goods. Regulation and taxation of goods with negative implications e.g. Government can implement policies to provide macroeconomic stability e.g applying monetary policy measures during of inflation. Economic reports have shown that mixed economies are likely to create equality at a greater level while reducing extreme poverty. It may simultaneously enable people to enjoy financial rewards from their entrepreneurship and hard work (Beckwith 2011). Disadvantages of Mixed Market Economies It may be difficult to determine to what extent the government will intervene. Mixed economies usually face criticism from socialists and economis ts owing to the fact it allows excessive market forces amounting to inefficient and inequitable distribution of resources. It is criticised by free marketing since it allows too much government intervention. According to libertarians, governments are generally poor managers of economy normally influenced by short term and political factors. According to Chow 2012, the reality is, success of mixed market economies depends on how they are managed. Economists argue that every market needs some extent of government intervention. In the book, ‘Wealth of Nations’, Adam Smith argues that in wealthy countries, government should come in between to control the monopoly power. Free Markets There are various benefits that are usually associated with free markets. This has created a school of thought that basically supports the corpus of free markets economies. One of the benefits that are associated with free markets is the fact that they are competitive in nature. Their industries are commonly perfectly competitive, allocative and efficient at production. Free economies efficiently allocate their resources. Additionally, there is also variety of choices associated with free markets. Firms produce what consumers are willing and ready to buy. As it is a free market, there is no restriction as to what a firm can produce. Therefore there is usually a possibility of having a large choice compared to the mixed market. The interest of the planner is to ensure

Banning the sale of violent video games to minors Essay

Banning the sale of violent video games to minors - Essay Example Besides, Sony’s Sixais and DualShock, which are motion controlled, have further revolutionized the gaming experience. Video Games often contain violence or sex or a combination of both, which may be inappropriate to children. With so much of entertainment, violence and carnage have found their place in new generation gaming. This paradigm has resulted in encouraging aggressive behavior in children apart from decreasing their involvement in social and other creative activities. Media blames modern day video games as the causative element in triggering violence in children, which is a major concern for today’s youth (Cumberpatch, 2000). An analysis of over 130 studies, selected from 130000 subjects, reveals that violent video gaming leaves lasting impression of aggression in the players (Ferguson&Â  Kilburn, 2010). California State law department has filed a case in the US Supreme Court for banning violent video games in the state. Justice Antinin Scalia along with major ity of jury, however, has rejected the request on the premise that it amounts to restricting young people rights. Thus, the responsibility of protection has shifted over to guardians, who may need to screen the content of video games being played by their children. The case, finally received a ruling in favor of video game programmers, thus leaving the onus on parents. More interestingly, the applicant for imposing sensor ship on violent video game has been Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who once portrayed a violent character in the movie trilogy, Terminator. However, the Americans cannot simple ignore the episodes of violence occurring in the country such as the Long Island incident, where six teenagers were apprehended for violet attack, car looting and breaking into private property. During the interrogation, they have admitted that they were attempting to imitate Niko Belic, a character in Grand Theft Auto IV, a popular video game. There is no need to emphasize the negative con sequences this event can have on the future of these teenagers at a very tender and crucial stage of their lives. Even violent movies can leave indelible marks on the psych of teenagers, who may be lacking in the faculty of rational thinking and informed decision making. Therefore, violent video gaming, which facilitates interaction and control over the outcomes, is more likely to instigate violent behavior in children and cause them more harm. Another major impact of video game on teenagers becomes evident from the fact that it may cause them to remain idle, playing games without engaging in other activities and thus result in unhealthy physique. Most of the games involve more mental activity and less physical exertion and, therefore, it can promote obesity in children. In the present scenario, where lifestyle has become rather sedentary and comfortable, with parents allowing children to eat junk food, the lack of physical activities can be all the more damaging if teenagers contin ue playing video games by ignoring games that require physical exertion. Oliver (2000) contends that 30 years of studies in this regard confirms the linkage between violence in media and problems in children (Olivier, 2000). The American Psychology Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics have categorized children into five groups according to their age. These are: toddlers, preschool children, school-aged children, and preteens and teenagers. They also describe the

Women in the Labour Force Essay Example for Free

Women in the Labour Force Essay Available evidence suggests that countries with low levels of income and difficult social settings have the greatest barriers restricting female participation in higher education that contributes to growth advancement within the labour force. Countries in Asia such as Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh and much of Sub-Saharan Africa [8]fall into this category (K. Subbarao, etal, 1994: 53). The demand for womens higher education is very low due to factors such as cultural restrictions of womens participation in education and labour force[9]. sabir4u, please do not redistribute this cours. We work very hard to create this website, and we trust our visitors to respect it for the good of other students. Please, do not circulate this cours elsewhere on the internet. Anybody found doing so will be permanently banned. According to Khoury (1995) a major problem to the study of women in the labour force is that women are not represented as does the men. In practice most women work in rural areas and their labour is subsumed under the family' labour and thus excluded form labour statistic (87). Consequently, women contribute enormously to the work force even though they are ill represented and their labour not included in statistics. A survey of womens work in rural areas shows that women do 70 to 75% of agricultural work. (88). Marx oppressed sabir4us marxism idea. Pacey who wrote The Culture of Technology (1996) argues that womens values are not valued and recognized in society. He demonstrates that this has been so through history. Pacey asserts that in Africa women are responsible for three-quarter of the food that is consumed yet they are un appreciated and not recognized for their labour, while the one-quarter of the men who help grow the crops are revered and recognized (98-99). pg4RB0Gia from pg4RB0Gia coursewrok pg4RB0Gia work pg4RB0Gia info pg4RB0Gia Agricultural Labour: The Business of Women  Apart from the different roles that women play as mothers, wives and members of a community, their roles in agricultural production merits special attention. Statistics compiled by Food and Agriculture of the United Nations (FAO) on the role of women in agriculture showed that in 1985 they represented forty-two percent of the economically active population in Africa, eleven percent in Latin America, forty-six percent in Asia and thirty-seven percent in the developing countries overall (L. Chelebowska, 1990: 24). As noted by Chelebowska, these figures do not reflect the true picture and there is sometimes a wide difference between official statistics and reality (25). AM9B81 Visit coursework bb in bb fo bb for bb more work bb Do bb not bb redistribute AM9B81 Bisilliat who wrote Women of the Third World (1987) emphasizes that women who are wage labourers in agriculture belong to the underprivileged social strata of the peasantry found in both Asia and Latin America (21). It is believed that these women who compromise the largest agricultural group does not work on big plantations, but belong to rural families without land. According to her, work of women are time consuming, repetitive, meticulous tasks, neither enhancing nor appreciated; temporary work; low pay; lower pay than that received by men for identical work. She also clearly states that women have to work double day (22) which evidently means that a woman assumes responsibilities not only as a bread-earner but that of a housewife.coeg egr seegegw oreg egk ineg foeg eg; Since she has to assume her functions as housewife and wage earner, women hire themselves out as day workers in the fields of the medium and large landowners at the time of sowing, planting, weeding and harvesting (22).cobd bdr sebdbdw orbd bdk inbd fobd bd:  For those women who would rather earn their wages else where the factory system is another option though the work and its environment is more stringent. This writing from www.academicdb.com Women in Factories Industries in the third world employ a large proportion of women between the ages of fourteen to twenty-four and this proportion run as high as seventy percent in other developing countries (J. Bisilliat, 1987: 23). In Philippines, women work in factories without contracts and are paid by the piece. A woman can earn somewhere between $54- $67, while her expenses for food and transportation takes up most or if not all her salary. The average pay for unskilled workers is somewhere at $37.50. Added to these miserable salaries are the working conditions where there are no fringe benefits and if there is any, they are extremely low (J. Bisilliat, etal: 1987: 68). Marx obfuscated sabir4us structuralism hypothesis. Working conditions are dangerous which attest to many accidents occurring. In 1970-76 disability cases multiplied by 2.7% (69). According to Bisilliat:cogg ggr seggggw orgg ggk ingg fogg gg:  In Philippines, 61% of the declared accidents led to temporary total disabilitythose who work in the textile industry suffer from backache and varicose veins. Those using microscopes in electronics ruin their eyesight in two or three years [Grossman 1978]. Others were exposed to skin diseaseand exposure to acid fumes and solvents (J. Bisilliat, etal, 1987: 69). NhT from NhT coursewrok NhT work NhT info NhT  Though many women are willing to deal with the harsh work environment as wage earners they could still get dismissed for other reasons like pregnancy. Bisilliat points out that, as for maternity leave a woman need not worry, for pregnancy is a cause for dismissal (69).coed edr seededw ored edk ined foed ed. By drawing your attention to the many factors that leads to womens under-development which is due in part to not receiving an education, which also in turn results in many not being recognized for playing their part in the labour force, one has to realize that some of these women who were not given the tool that would have equipped them to become prosperous members in their society -EDUCATION. This word seems to affect their daily lives. One could argue that it is the way they were socialized or it is the ways of their cultures and customs. Yet still, with the 21st century upon us, the discrimination still persists in some countries. There has been governmental involvement in alleviating the problems so that women will thus have an EDUCATION, still, with all the structural adjustment programs, various workshops and formation of womens group, this problem will continue. For as solutions are put into place to stop this trend, only one thing remains: it is the decision of parents and grandparents to decide whether girls get an EDUCATION and if so, will it be too time consuming when there are chores to be done as a womans place is in the home!cobd bdr sebdbdw orbd bdk inbd fobd bd: In concluding, this essay has tried to answer and point out some of the constraints of literacy that affects women in developing countries. Numerous of these constraints keep women form becoming literate members in their society. Finally, education does influences womens progression in the society and for most women a lack of education has profounding effects upon their development process. Durkheim denied sabir4us postmodernism .

The writers presentation of conflict and power between men and women Essay Example for Free

The writers presentation of conflict and power between men and women Essay In Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†, â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles† and William Shakespeare’s â€Å"King Lear†, the writers portray the lives of women and men during their time. One could argue male characters are generally seen to be stronger and powerful than female characters in each of the texts. In â€Å"King Lear†, we are introduced to Lear’s three daughters, â€Å"the eldest† Goneril, â€Å"dearest† Regan and â€Å"more opulent† Cordelia. In the story, Lear is seen to break natural order by dividing the kingdom into three for each of his daughters. He orders them to â€Å"say doth love us most†, making Goneril speak first. Our reaction to Goneril’s speech is one of strong dislike, which is caused by her desire for power. The blend of power and femininity demonstrated in this speech from the Jacobean society is one of the main contributing factors to our disdain for Goneril. This is an idea which holds true today. It is interesting that for a male character this trait is not be so offensive. This is due to the gender differences and expectations in society. Similarly in the novel â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†, we clearly see the treatment of women in Victorian society. The novel begins with Henchard auctioning off his wife to the highest bidder at Weydon Fair, â€Å"I’d sell mine this minute if anybody would buy her†, showing how in early nineteenth century England country women of this class, were viewed as nothing. They could be disposed of if their ‘owners’, namely their husbands or fathers, wished, â€Å"it has been done elsewhere†, illustrating just how common these auctions were. This is similar to â€Å"King Lear†, where Lear has the power to order his daughters to speak. Equally in the novel â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, Hardy portrays the way in which men dominate women, presenting their greater control and power in society. Alec, for example, recognises how morally corrupt he is for seducing Tess for his own brief pleasure. This displays his power over her and his ability to take advantage of it. In reverse, Tess’ parents ask her to work in the D’Urbervilles and she refuses. When her mother asks why she replies, Id rather not tell you why, mother; indeed, I dont quite know why. This shows us how aware Tess is of the differences in gender. She tries to use her power, even though it does not do much good. â€Å"King Lear† is in the form of a play, where speech is a main aspect. Notably the daughters speeches to Lear, particularly those of Goneril and Regan, present authority and greed, â€Å"I am made of that self-mettle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  proving to Lear, Regan is â€Å"made† of gold or silver, as she begs Lear with her â€Å"highness’ love†. Proving to Lear she wants money and wealth, Cordelia on the other hand refuses, â€Å"Nothing, my lord.†, as well as mocking her sisters explaining how she loves her father â€Å"no more nor less†, presenting Cordelia to be a fair and reasonable character. Likewise in â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†, Susan has no control over Henchard and his rash decision making, â€Å"dropping her eyes again, and saying nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The word â€Å"nothing† here is different to â€Å"King Lear†, as the meaning of nothing here means no hope or words to fight back. However in â€Å"King Lear†, the word â€Å"nothing† is used metaphorically as no money or no love. The word â€Å"nothing† is used in another sense in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, â€Å"look here; I won’t walk another inch with you if you say any jokes about him†, confirming Tess’ loyalty towards her father, she proves â€Å"nothing† in another meaning. Tess depicts how she will exclude herself from the group if they talk bad about her father, presenting female characters in the novel to be faithful and independent. â€Å"King Lear†, as a play, has no direct description of the settings and environment. Although we see the action taking place, we are also guided through the stage directions, â€Å"Sennet† meaning a ceremonial entrance as well as â€Å"one bearing a coronet†, presenting a formal mood to the act. We are also aware of the â€Å"attendants† who are involved in this large event. The female roles in this royal occasion are classified as the King’s daughters, giving them a higher status than other women in the time. Hardy begins the novel in the â€Å"late summer† with the â€Å"valleys and woods† and the â€Å"sight of several horses†. He displays how women have a connection to nature, â€Å"she becomes part and parcel of outdoor nature†, that men cannot share as they are more involved with business â€Å"than of the systematized religion taught their race at later date†. Hardy portrays how men are more linked with a â€Å"systematised† world and the development taking place in the Victorian time. Similarly, Hardy uses natural imagery in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, â€Å"a swallow†¦flew to and fro in quick curves above their heads†, presenting a strong symbolic image. Swallows were often the first to land on a ship that had been out to sea for long periods of time, which relates to the buyer of Henchard’s wife, Newson who was a sailor. Foreshadowing the future, Hardy relates the swallow to Susan. One of â€Å"King Lear’s† recurring themes focuses on sight, where Lear has a lack of insight, as we see â€Å"how full of changes his age is† suggesting he is too old and making bad decisions. Unlike the female characters such as Goneril and Regan where they have strong insight towards Lear’s actions, â€Å"he hath ever but slenderly known himself.†, this shows how generally male characters are have greater power over women however one could argue the female characters have a greater insight to the people and actions around them, such as Goneril and Regan recognising Lear’s doom. Similarly in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, Tess has a large amount of insight to the world around her, this may possibly be connected to the daughters of Lear. However, Tess’ misfortunes and fate create tragedy’s which eventually destroy her insight â€Å"Why it was that upon this beautiful feminine tissue†¦ been traced such a coarse pattern as it was doomed to receive†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . As Tess is raped, Hardy uses the word â€Å"doomed†, where one could suggest it is Tess’ â€Å"doom† or â€Å"fate† to be raped. The meaning of â€Å"doom† is slightly different to â€Å"King Lear† as we see Tess’ â€Å"doom† from the beginning whereas we see Lear’s by a gradual build up. Differently â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†, the word â€Å"doomed† could be placed in another sense as one could say Henchard shares the same characteristics to Lear with his rash decision making and again his lack of insight, causing the village and the people who are around him to be â€Å"doomed†. However the female characters such as Susan can see clearer into Henchard’s wrong actions and goes with Newson the sailor, â€Å"I’ll try my luck elsewhere.† A justifiable opinion could be Susan’s â€Å"luck† is far from â€Å"doom† by going with Newson, as one visualises Henchard’s personality from the beginning of the novel. In â€Å"King Lear† one could argue Lear does not notice his own faults, â€Å"I am a man more sinned against than sinning† presenting Lear to self-pity himself as he displays himself to be the victim. However on the other hand Lear’s favouritism for Cordelia makes Goneril and Regan despise Lear â€Å"He always loved our sister most†¦Ã¢â‚¬  showing how Lear could possibly be â€Å"sinned against† by his daughters. This portrays how women who are more â€Å"opulent† have more chances of being liked. Similarly in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, â€Å"Tess was now carried along upon the wings of the hours, without the sense of a will.† As Hardy relates back to the theme of â€Å"time† in the novel, Tess has waits â€Å"passively† for the wedding to take place as it is not under her responsibility anymore. One could say Tess is â€Å"more sinned against† as Hardy uses another theme of fate and free will as a symbolism for Tess’ life. She uses her free will to choose or determine her own actions; however these actions she makes, seems like fate always brings her down. In comparison Henchard in â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† could possibly be seen as â€Å"more sinned against† as well as â€Å"sinning†. Henchard had sold his wife displaying him â€Å"sinning†, however on the other hand one could possibly argue how it was not his fault as it was his fate and he cannot change his actions, making him â€Å"more sinned against†. This could create sympathy for Henchard although he has done wrong, where usually the sympathy is for the female characters. In â€Å"King Lear†, Shakespeare uses pathetic fallacy by using a storm in Act 3 to conclude Lear’s insightful decisions. The storm is presented as a microcosm of Lear’s madness, as he encourages the storm to continue he shouts â€Å"Blow winds and crack your cheeks!†. Lear personifies the wind as he asks the elements to destroy him, â€Å"his little world of man† as he sees no importance of man or nature after his death. This shows how the word â€Å"man† is the centre of importance and how the power of the storm is imagined to be originating from Lear, a male character. The â€Å"fretful elements† are metaphors for Goneril and Regan where Lear is contending with his family. Kent being disguised gives the knight â€Å"a ring† for Cordelia, being symbolic as the shape of a circle is seen with the â€Å"one bearing a coronet†. This could also be seen with Edmund using a dramatic device, holding a â€Å"letter†. This follows a theme of a cyclical story with the letter being passed around as well as the circular shape from the theme of fate and destiny. Likewise Hardy uses the Ring in â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† to be a Roman amphitheatre, where he invites Susan to meet. Hardy uses this setting as there were ghosts of the past rumoured to be a wife and her husband, where a woman â€Å"murdered her husband was half-strangled and then burnt †¦ of ten thousand spectators.† The ghosts of the past were metaphors for Susan and Henchard, who both have the past haunting them. This shows how although the woman was seen to be powerful to be able to murder her own husband, men are still seen to be stronger as she was â€Å"half-strangled† and â€Å"burnt† for what she had done. In contrast â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles† Hardy uses the past and compares it to the present â€Å"Phases of her childhood lurked in her aspect still.†, one could argue Hardy uses the past and the present similarly to Shakespeare and â€Å"Mayor of Casterbridge† as the circular shape is used not visually but literally. Hardy describes Tess as an image of femininity â€Å"As she walked along to-day, for all her bouncing handsome womanliness, you could sometimes see her twelfth year in her cheeks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Similar to Lear with Cordelia’s looks being â€Å"opulent†, Hardy presents his female characters to be feminine and attractive. Hardy uses Tess’s appearance to be the only powerful aspect of her, similar to Cordelia in â€Å"King Lear†. The power which is usually seen in male characters could be seen as â€Å"defeated†, as in â€Å"King Lear†, Shakespeare uses hyperbole to make the event seem larger than it is as Lear tragically says to the storm â€Å"I stand your slave† where we see Lear as a â€Å"weak† and â€Å"poor† â€Å"old man†. Ironically Lear says â€Å"I will say nothing† which could suggest Lear thinking of Cordelia as well as continuing this theme of â€Å"nothing†. One could say Lear’s power has been destroyed from himself â€Å"sinning† and becoming â€Å"nothing†. Lear’s daughters had more power than Lear from Act 1 however it is seen clearer in Act 3. Similarly the idea of being a â€Å"slave† continues in â€Å"The Mayor or Casterbridge† where â€Å"His old feeling of supercilious pity for womankind in general was intensified†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Henchard is seen to be a tall and strong, male figure, as he tends to feel more dominant and controlling over women. Since women are physically weaker, he feels a â€Å"pity† for â€Å"womankind† because of their weakness. This could possibly be argued how women were portrayed as â€Å"slaves† as men have the physical and stereotypical power to rule against them. In contrast Tess in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles† could be seen as a â€Å"slave† to her own family, as she goes to work in the D’Urberville household to collect money for her family at home, â€Å"she ought to make her way with en, if she plays her trump card aright. And if he dont marry her afore he will after.. Tess’ mother sends Tess away for work, however she realises Alec’s love for Tess and hopes for marriage. One could suggest her mother wants her to be married to Alec for the money which could present Tess to be a â€Å"slave† in another meaning. However she includes â€Å"if she plays her trump card aright.†, which is ironic for Tess as it seems as if she has no â€Å"trump† card in her pack. In â€Å"King Lear†, Shakespeare relates grown men to compare with â€Å"babes† â€Å"†¦to shake all cares and business from our age; conferring them on younger strengths, while we unburthen’d crawl toward death†. It seems as if Lear is ready to retire, as he adopts the â€Å"royal we† making the event seem important. Shakespeare has displayed Lear as a â€Å"weak†, â€Å"old man†, however he gives another mental image of Lear â€Å"crawling toward death† like a baby. One could argue old age is similar to being a baby as it leaves you â€Å"weak† and powerless. Goneril and Regan’s distaste to Lear humiliates him as they say â€Å"O, sir, you are old†¦Ã¢â‚¬  showing how they as female characters have greater power and order over Lear. The image of a baby in seen in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, however it is used in another sense. Tess’ baby could be seen as a symbolic feature for Tess’ bad luck which Tess could not control. The baby could symbolise innocence like Tess as she has done nothing wrong however she is still punished by society, for an act she could not control. This is ironic as a baby could suggest new beginning, purity and usually visualised with a mother figure. In comparison a baby is presented in â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†, where Elizabeth-Jane is the step daughter of Henchard, as the previous baby died, â€Å"the little one too – the more the merrier!† The baby could symbolise the past and change, as when she died another baby was born – Elizabeth- Jane which could suggest a new beginning. Hardy used Elizabeth-Jane’s hair colour to foreshadow the future how she was not Henchard’s legitimate daughter. As Hardy’s novels were in the form of serialisation the theme of â€Å"foreshadowing† became present in most of his novels. Differently in â€Å"King Lear† there is no mother figure for Lear’s daughters. Goneril and Regan are seen to be violent female characters in the play; it raises the question would they be more feminine and caring if they had a mother to look out for them? Women are seen to be able to nurture and care for their children whereas one could say Lear caused his own downfall by failing to provide a mother figure. As Lear says â€Å"Come on, my boy. How dost my boy? Art cold?† this is the first time Lear is aware of the suffering of others, and acts like a â€Å"mother figure† to the fool, however it is the wrong time. Similarly the absent role of a mother figure is seen in â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†, as Susan dies Elizabeth- Jane is left with Henchard. Elizabeth –Jane begins to like Farfrae as she believes he seemed to feel exactly as she felt about life, presenting how although she has no mother figure to look out for her, her strong insight helps her to continue her life. As Susan left Henchard a letter explaining how Elizabeth-Jane was not his daughter, it seems as if he â€Å"disowned† her by making her leave his house. The mother figure was seen to have a responsibility which Henchard as a male could not adapt to although Elizabeth-Jane was seen to be a step daughter to him. Differently Hardy uses the mother figure in â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles† however she is not present too often. We see her control Tess unlike in â€Å"King Lear† and â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† where there is a father figure with no sense of control. Tess is made to go to the D’Urberville’s house by her mother, where one could say Tess’ misfortunes began. She could represent time as although she is seen to be uneducated she still believes in â€Å"old superstitions†, â€Å"Between the mother, with her fast- perishing lumber of superstitions, folk-lore†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mrs Durbeyfield could also represent pre-industrial England with the â€Å"folk-lore† at that time. Both writers discuss the theme of women, however they are portrayed differently. â€Å"King Lear† focuses on women gaining power and having control over the male characters. The female characters in â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† again have different roles, although this is mainly because the novel is set in the Victorian period where women’s roles were to take care of their husbands and children. Lastly â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles† displays how male characters have a strong control over women, and how this affects their overall lives.

Exclusion of Data Records from Documents of Web

Exclusion of Data Records from Documents of Web ABSTRACT: Ranking is tremendously significant in information retrieval. Most information on web is unstructured text in natural languages, as well as extracting information from natural language text is extremely hard. A lot of current effort has focused on obtaining knowledge from structured information on web, especially from web tables. But most significantly, title of a top-k page frequently evidently disclose context, which makes page interpretable as well as extractable. Rather than focusing on structured data as well as ignoring context, we spotlight on context that we can recognize, and then we make use of context to interpretless controlled or approximately free-text information, and direct its extraction. We spotlight on a prosperous as well as expensive source of information on web, which we describe top-k web pages. Top-k lists contain additional significant and appealing circumstance, and are additional probable to be helpful in search, as well as previous interactive systems. Unl ike web tables, which hold a set of items, items within a top-k list is typically ranked consistent with a principle described by title of top-k page. There are quite a lot of reasons to make use of the page title to recognize a top-k page. Top-K Ranker ranks candidate set as well as picks top ranked list as top-k list by a score function which is a subjective sum of two. Keywords: Top-k page, Web pages, Unstructured text, Ranking, Information extraction. 1. INTRODUCTION: World Wide Web is an enormous and speedily mounting repository of information. There are a variety of objects embedded in statically as well as energetically made Web pages. Web services moreover are used to respond exact conjunctive queries, which require quite a lot of search on Web and unite across them, if done physically by means of a search engine. In the earlier period,  information extraction was used on minute harmonized corpora. Accordingly, conventional information extraction systems are capable to rely on weighty linguistic technology tuned to domain of attention. These systems were not intended to extent comparative to the extent of corpus or number of associations removed, while parameters were unchanging and diminutive. A lot of current effort has focused on obtaining knowledge from structured information on web, especially from web tables. Consequently, understanding context is tremendously important in information extraction. Regrettably, in the majority of cases, context is conveyed in unstructured text that machines are unable to interpret. In the majority cases, description is in natural language text which is not unswervingly machined interpretable, even though the explanation has the similar format for different items. But most significantly, title of a top-k page frequently evidently disclose context, which makes page interpretable as well as extractable. We mark top-k pages in support of information extraction for reasons such as: Top-k data on web is large as well as rich. The top-k information is moreover prosperous in terms of content obtained for every item in list. Top-k data is of high superiority and it is normally cleaner than previous forms of data on web. Most data on web is in free text, which is tough to interpret. Web tables are structured, however merely an extremely minute percentage of them enclose meaningful as well as useful information. On the contrary top-k pages contain a general style: the page title hold the numb er as well as concept of items in list. Every item is considered as an example of page title, and numeral of items has to be equal to number stated in title. 2. METHODOLOGY: Most information on web is unstructured text in natural languages, as well as extracting information from natural language text is extremely hard. Some information on web exists in controlled or else semi-structured forms. It is true that entire number of web tables is enormous in entire corpus, however only an extremely minute percentage of them hold helpful information. There are a variety of objects embedded in statically as well as energetically made Web pages. An even lesser percentage of them contain information interpretable devoid of context. Rather than focusing on structured data as well as ignoring context, we spotlight on context that we can recognize, and then we make use of context to interpretless controlled or approximately free-text information, and direct its extraction. We spotlight on a prosperous as well as expensive source of information on web, which we describe top-k web pages. the proposed system which includes components: such as Title Classifier, which effo rt to be familiar with page title of input webpage; Candidate Picker, which take out the entire prospective top-k lists from page body like candidate lists; Top-K Ranker, which score every candidate list as well as picks most excellent one; Content Processor, which post process take out list to additionally make attribute values. Atop-k web page explains k items of meticulous interest. We build up a system that takes out top-k lists from a web corpus that holds billions of pages. Top-k lists enclose rich as well as expensive information. Especially compared with web tables, top-k lists enclose a well-built quantity of data, which is of superior quality. Top-k lists contain additional significant and appealing circumstance, and are additional probable to be helpful in search, as well as previous interactive systems. Unlike web tables, which hold a set of items, items within a top-k list is typically ranked consistent with a principle described by title of top-k page. Ranking is treme ndously significant in information retrieval. Fig1: An overview of system representation. 3. EXTRACTION OF INFORMATION FROM TOP-K WEB PAGES: The block diagram shown in fig1 reveals the proposed system which includes components: such as Title Classifier, which effort to be familiar with page title of input webpage; Candidate Picker, which take out the entire prospective top-k lists from page body like candidate lists; Top-K Ranker, which score every candidate list as well as picks most excellent one; Content Processor, which post process take out list to additionally make attribute values. The top-k information is moreover prosperous in terms of content obtained for every item in list. Top-k data is of high superiority and it is normally cleaner than previous forms of data on web. The title of web page helps us recognize a top-k page. There are quite a lot of reasons to make use of the page title to recognize a top-k page. For the majority cases, page titles provide to bring in topic of the main body. While the page body may possibly have diverse as well as complex formats, top-k page title includes comparatively comparabl e structure. Title examination is lightweight and well-organized. If title examination indicates that a page is not a top-k page, we choose to pass over this page. This is significant if system has to extent towards billions of web pages. A web page by a top-k title might not contain a top-k list. Candidate Picker step take out one or additional list structures which become visible to be top-k lists from a prearranged page. A top-k candidate has to first and for mainly be a list concerning k items, visually, it have to be provided as k vertically or else horizontally aligned standard patterns. While structurally, it is obtainable as a list of HTML nodes by identical tag path which is path from root node towards a convinced tag node, which is presented as a succession of tag names. Top-K Ranker ranks candidate set as well as picks top ranked list as top-k list by a score function which is a subjective sum of two. Subsequent to getting top-k list, we take out attribute or value pairs for every item from description of item in list. 4. CONCLUSION: Web services moreover are used to respond exact conjunctive queries, which require quite a lot of search on Web and unite across them, if done physically by means of a search engine. Conventional information extraction systems are capable to rely on weighty linguistic technology tuned to domain of attention which were not intended to extent comparative to the extent of corpus or number of associations removed, while parameters were unchanging and diminutive. In the majority cases, description is in natural language text which is not unswervingly machined interpretable, even though the explanation has the similar format for different items. Web tables are structured, however merely an extremely minute percentage of them enclose meaningful as well as useful information. Some information on web exists in controlled or else semi-structured forms. It is true that entire number of web tables is enormous in entire corpus, however only an extremely minute percentage of them hold helpful info rmation. spotlight on a prosperous as well as expensive source of information on web, which we describe top-k web pages. We build up a system that takes out top-k lists from a web corpus that holds billions of pages. While the page body may possibly have diverse as well as complex formats, top-k page title includes comparatively comparable structure. Top-k lists enclose rich as well as expensive information. The top-k information is moreover prosperous in terms of content obtained for every item in list. Top-k data is of high superiority and it is normally cleaner than previous forms of data on web.

World War I: The Failure of The Schlieffen Plan Essays -- von Schlieff

In 1914, the war to end all wars began; it would later become known as World War 1. Every major power in Europe became involved in it at some point. What all these powers had were individual war plans which stated how they would rise above their enemies and claim victory. Unfortunately for some, not all of these plans were created equally. Unlike the other powers of Europe, Germany had created only one plan known as the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan had been created to be used as the perfect tool to winning a war, unfortunately the plan had been born from the arrogance of Alfred von Schlieffen and later altered by Helmuth von Moltke. Due to how the Schlieffen Plan was both created and altered, both von Schlieffen and von Moltke were doomed to bring Germany only failure in a multi-front war. In 1888, Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended to the throne of the German Empire and began a new era of foreign affair policies for Germany. Two years later, in 1890, Wilhelm dismissed the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck had united the various nineteenth century German Kingdoms and created the German Empire of the late nineteenth century. Bismarck had also helped to forge various alliances throughout Europe in order to maintain the German political and military position favorable with numbers. In less than two decades time, Wilhelm had essentially destroyed most of the alliance systems Bismarck had created and put Germany in a position where it was both allied with the weaker major powers of Europe and at a disadvantage when it came to numbers. Wilhelm went from having France, the enemy of Germany in the nineteenth century, isolated to having Germany nearly isolated politically and surrounded by enemies. In 1904, the altered d... ... attrition, 1870-1916. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kennedy, Paul M. 1979. The War plans of the great powers, 1880-1914. London: Allen & Unwin. Ritter, Gerhard. 1979. The Schlieffen plan: critique of a myth. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Bodleian Libray. â€Å"Entente Cordiale.† Last Accessed October 6. 2011. http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/projects/entente/entente.html Fawcett, Bill. 2006. How to lose a battle: foolish plans and great military blunders. New York: Harper. Mombauer, Annika. 2001. Helmuth von Moltke and the origins of the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ousby, Ian. 2002. The road to Verdun: World War I's most momentous battle and the folly of nationalism. New York: Doubleday. Shapiro, Seymour, and Gerhard Ritter. 1959. "The Schlieffen Plan". Military Affairs. 23 (2): 107-108.

Psychological Perspectives of Human Growth and Development Essay

Psychological Perspectives of Human Growth and Development The following will analyse the Psychodynamic theory founded by Sigmund Freud. It will focus on the components of the ‘mind’ including the Conscious, the pre-conscious proper and the Unconscious. Examining his structure of Personality with reference to The’ Id’, ‘Ego’ and ‘Super-ego’. It will discuss Freud’s proposal of stages within his ‘psychosexual development’. It will then focus on Carl Rogers Humanistic theory, explaining his concept of the ‘Actualizing tendency’ and incorporating his creations of ‘Self concept’, the ‘Organismic self’ and the ‘Ideal self’. As a contribution to Roger’s work also highlighting Abraham Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of needs’. Freud and Rogers will then be compared and contrasted, focusing on the human developmental stage of childhood. According to Freud there are three levels of Consciousness within the mind. ‘The conscious’ holds thoughts and feelings that we are fully aware of, it can be verbalised and logically thought about. ‘The pre-conscious proper’ holds memories that only when thought of can be brought back into the ‘Conscious’. Information is easily shared between the conscious and the pre-conscious proper. The ‘Unconscious’. Material here is deemed painful and ‘repressed’ (locked away) yet still has strength to influence our actions. ‘We have conscious thoughts that we are aware of and unconscious thoughts that appear in our mind in the form of dreams. Moreover, what happens in our conscious mind in turn influences what thoughts filter through to our unconscious mind’ (Gross, The Science of Mind and Behaviour, 2010) (Ingleby, 2006, p. 7) Freud related this to a model Iceberg. The tip acts as 10% relating to the Conscious as only th... ...ross, R. (2010). Psychology- The Science and Mind of Behaviour. London: Hodder Education. Ingleby, E. (2006). Applied Psychology for Social work. Glasgow: Bell & Bain Ltd. Kazlev, M. (2004, August 13th). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved November 7th, 2010, from Psychoanalytical Psychology: http://www.kheper.net/topics/psychology/Freud.html R.Shaffer, D. (1946). Developmental Psychology Childhood Development. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships. New York: McGraw Hill. Rogers, C. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A theropists view of Psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Rowan, J. (2001). Ordinary Ecstasy: The dialects of Humanistic Psychology(3rd edn) . Hove: Brunner-Routledge. Shaffer, D. R. (1946). Developmental Pyschology, Childhoody and Adolescene. California: Brooks/Cole.

Teaching and Education Goals :: Education Admissions Essays

Teaching and Education Goals Teaching is the most rewarding profession in the world today. Seeing a student accomplish a goal that you have helped them accomplish is exciting. Students learn each and every day about different things. It is our job as a teacher to help students to learn as much as they possibly can. Not all children learn the same way, so it is our job to find out what the best way is for that child to learn. Learning can be fun, but the child and the teacher work at making it fun. Rousseau stated, that children are initially innocent, although self-centered, and they learn through experiences. Rousseau believed that the individual self is more important than knowing how to analyze someone. Effective learning takes place when children have hands-on experiences with what they are doing. Rousseau also believed that children are not born naturally good. Educators should show the students right from wrong by setting good examples for them and treating them with love and respect. Some children are only shown this when they are at school. I was told when deciding my field of study that becoming an educator I would have five other professions included in my title. A mother, father, doctor, counselor, and a role model. Many of the children in the world today, do not have a happy home life and they need the attention that a mother or father would give them. They turn to their teacher for that attention. Helping students learn as mush as they can will not harm them, it will make them stronger in the world. Rousseau believed that an educator should ask questions on what was studied. Keeping the students mind working helps keep the students learning. Children are like rechargeable batteries, once they run down, don't throw them away, recharge them and let them run again. They will surprise you with what they can do.

A Dolls house Language Essay

Ever since reading the text in my own time I have, in many of my past lessons been discussing, acting and re-reading parts of the play as well as researching many other aspects to the play. By doing this I discovered things like the play was firstly written in Norwegian and then translated into many languages along with many more complex things. Back in lessons I was doing tasks that specifically looked at the language in the play. For example before rein acting a scene from the play the whole class gathered in a circle to do a warm up exercise which evolved around the line; â€Å"What did you do to die today at a minute or two to two, a thing distinctly hard to say but a harder thing to do†. I had to say this line in many different accents and characters including a posh upper class character like Nora and Torvold Helmer from the play. The language used in the play not only creates the feel of the 19th century but it also reflects the way the characters are. It does this as the 19th century old English is very formal showing there middle to higher class and well educated. The language also shows the society that the characters live in and is significant as it reveals their inner thoughts, feelings relationships and situations. In one particular part of the play Torvold says: â€Å"You can’t deny it, little Nora now can you? It’s a sweet little songbird but it gets through a terrible amount of money you wouldn’t believe how much it costs a man when he’s got a little songbird like you† This rather poetic and metaphoric line compares Nora to a songbird which is petit and shows she can be sweet, innocent and chirpy. It also echo’s how Torvold belittles Nora and treats her like a child, which in them days was the done thing; men overpowering women and controlling the relationship in addition to this it perhaps shows how he has a fatherly figure and likes to take control over situations. Although in saying that Nora is or should I say acts rather childlike and naive herself but at the same time is manipulative, flirtatious and cunning as it proves on the opening line of the play; â€Å"Hide that Christmas tree away, Helen. The children mustn’t see it before I’ve decorated it this evening† As well as giving the audience a rough date and establishing shot it shows how Nora seems just as excited about Christmas as the children do. In most houses the children would be helping to set up the Christmas tree but not in the Helmer household Nora is setting up the tree and rather excited about it too. There is some reference to poetry in the text although it is not the rhyming type, it’s more a usage of poetic words being exchanged. Like in the first quote I made there are countless uses of words like â€Å"songbird† and â€Å"squirrel† being used to describe Nora as well as Torvold (in some parts of the play). There is another quote in Act 1 on page 25 where Nora has just gone out and bought some new things for the family, which Torvold is unhappy about as she has spent so much money which makes Nora unhappy too, it says; â€Å"Now, now! My little songbird mustn’t droop her wings. What’s this? Is little squirrel sulking? (takes out his purse) Nora; guess what I’ve got here! This quote to me shows how he just keeps Nora sweet but does not go out of his reach to keep her happy. Also the use of poetic words is very creative and wise it is saying to Nora do not loose hope or become sad. But it says this in a metaphoric way as Nora does not really have wings but a songbird does and this is what Nora is often compared to by Torvold. The majority of the speech used throughout the play is natural from all of the characters as the play itself is done rather realistically and flows well. There are very rare if any uses of Brectian techniques to break any language or any part of the play up for example; there are no placards to make a particular line stand out, this is probably as each line is just as important as the one before. Even though there is reference to use of poetic language I think it gives the play even more of a realistic effect as people do have little pet names for there husband and wife. In addition to this Henrik Ibsen goes that step further and creates for each character there own realm of speech as a quote from the Methuen Student notes verifies: â€Å"Ibsen creates for each character a habit of speech appropriate to his or her own class and personality† With Torvold he is spoken with a rather fatherly/paternal type of speech, Krogstad he always reflects to his training as a lawyer, Mrs Linde speaks direct and could appear a bit bitter and cold, Nora is excitable but finds resolve at the end of the play and Dr Rank speaks in riddles and fondness of using figures of speech. Over all this coursework has made me realise how important the lines actually are in a play and how important it is to deliver them correctly. As well as consistency when delivering the lines in a certain way the character must keep delivering them in that way. I personally believe that this may enhance my skills as a yr 12 drama student.

Enrollment system Essay

Welcome The following legal injury serve as a rack that governs your intention of our family of websites, applications and answers (the Service).BY SIGNING UP, OR ACCESSING OR victimization THE SERVICE, YOU SIGNIFY THAT YOU AGREE TO THESE TERMS ( accord OR TERMS) AND TO RESOLVE whatever DISPUTE BY ARBITRATION.1. Summary of footingThese Terms have the same result and effect as an obligation subscribe in writing. If you do not confine to these Terms, you may not use the Service. all(prenominal) time you entry, upload, or download both content from the Service, you signify your assentment to the then-current terms. This Agreement is subject to change at any time therefore, you are responsible to reexamine these Terms regularly to learn somewhat any changes. We will post an updated recitation of these Terms if we modify them. You understand and agree that your ongoing use of the Service later on we post or provide scorecard of the changes to this Agreement loadeds t hat you accept and stomach that the updated Terms apply to you. The laws of the State of calcium govern this Agreement.You agree to resolve any dispute with us as provided in the Dispute Resolution Procedures described in Sections 21 and 22 below, which include arbitrement and the options you have with arbitration. We use the term You to mean the person or entity who will ingress or use the Service as an end user. The term Login means the crew of unique username and password that is used to access our Service. A login is a license to use a site, application or military service for a period of time that is specified. social station or Members means a angiotensin-converting enzyme registration and/or subscription account per user of a valid username and password (login) for the service during the term of a subscription. We or us in this Agreement shall mean its brands, affiliates, subsidiaries and operating(a) divisions.

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

The usage of Mohandas Gandhi greatly affected martin Luther Kings writing , particularly in the region of nonviolent opposition.However they had already laid the solid bedrock for the advancement of the film industry and other pioneers took it in the 1930’s. (Hortelano, 2011, p.256)While during the First World War, the cinema industry seemed to have grounded to a halt, the period after 1920 going to 1930’s show gradual emergence of younger film directors with much enthusiasm in the industry. Such included Marcel Carne, Rene Clair logical and Jean Renoir (Conley 2007 p.Theyre also in applying the preparation methods superior subject matters.This included among others, Jacques Rivette, little Jean lucques Godard, Loius Malle, Francois Truffaut and Alain Resnais. This group of thin film makers believed that a filmmaker has possession of the film without interference from either studios or producers. This paper will discuss Partie de Campagne and Les Mistons., twenty tw o films made by two great French film makers, Jean Renoir and vitry Francois Truffaut respectively.

Throughout your education, you need to write essays.However, despite it being unfinished, it was released ten years down the line. Renoir is famed for producing films with lots of critical realism and satirical content (Hortelano, 2011, p.257). Just like Truffaut’s film, the film Parte de Campagne is a romance filled film based on a short story by Guy de Maupassant and the plot of the film revolves around a family that decides to give take sometime in the country side.When youre in possession of a strong thesis, then you will start to compose the article and ve fully improved your article topic.The former lover, George Saint-Saens, undertook to renew the initial relationship great but to no avail. They both try to catch up but the family large heads to the city. Episodes on what happened were never shot as the project was abandoned (Miller, 2006, p.5) Exemplar, the shots of the late summer storm and the long sequence of the rain firing the river that, underlying the expl osion of passion of the only natural element, and between Henry and Henriette.

He keeps close to Maupassant narratives events.258).On the other hand, Truffaut’s Les Mistons delves onto the lives of children. It was shot in 1957, when Truffaut was only twenty five years old. Unlike Renoir, Truffaut represents the second phase of original French new wave in the cinema industry.Intertextuality has been used by writers as a device for a means to bring forth references to other functions that might help to construct the affect his full text is wanted by the author.Bernadette is the origin and object of a prestigious discovery, symbol of a bright sensuality, mysterious and fascinating personification of the full dark dreams and secret imaginations that populate the nights of adolescents in NÃ ®mes.She becomes the victim of a hostile crowd as soon as the brats learn the impossibility to possess the object of desire, the sense of their strangeness as jealous witnesses, forced to only spy kisses and desire hoped tenderness. The camera takes on this helples s anger, clutching complimentary close behind the five Mistons, following them lovingly. The destruction of the couple has a remote character, is projected worn out of the exclusive world of adolescents: there is just a little bitterness, pity perhaps, only as a memory of the adventures of adolescence.

Dialogism is a form of intertextuality though the expression was coined decades after dialogism.He attempted to make the film as sensuous as possible using affects such as reverse motion and slow motion in for first instance the scene where Gerald is seen kissing Bernadette on the balcony (Dixon, 2006, p.6). Just like his hero Renoir, the shooting of the film was grounded for some time, as the cast took a ten days break logical and came back to continue as if nothing had happened. Being twenty five years then, it captures the moment of the time as it displays his love for the american youth and relationships.From here, you have to develop your own topic that is specific that is under how this overall idea.So well was the synchronization that any boy chosen to appear on the scene would be seen to be representative of the entire idea of all boys’ infatuation (Conley 2007 p.166). This is based on his approach in acquiring the cast where he conducted interviews with boys in the age bracket eleven to fourteen, where he was looking for raw talent and best best fits into the cast rather than theatrical experience. His desire to grow and uplift young people old saw him recruit a young person for the position of director of production, his friend logical and collaborator Bazin (Dixon, 2006, p.

Movie directors may be thought to how have invented the notion of cinema.In fact, one of the boys out of the cinema rips the poster while the others 3rd sing Colliers perdus sans chiens, reversing the lyrics of Paul Edmond Bacri Misraki which is part of the musical soundtrack of the film by Delannoy.Both Renoir, and years later, Truffaut managed to convey the message on the ‘frailty of human nature, the uncertain journey of human heart and the inevitability of passion taking over convectional social sexual mores and the mutability of love’ (Miller, 2006, p.4). Both aueturs treat similar themes in a natural framework, signature of both’s poetic realism.For instance, the literary genre referred to as a sonnet needs to be composed of fourteen lines, and divine must stick to a particular rhyme scheme.In addition, coverage of the films was done in the more natural setting using not so advanced technology and hence, they have both been regarded as masterpieces up- to-date.ReferenceConley 2007, Cartographic cinema, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisDixon-Winston 2006, Senses of Cinema. [Online]. Available at: http://sensesofcinema.

It isnt a normal romance blindly glorifying the medieval Earth .Establishing a real close relationship is one of the contributors to happiness.This example demonstrates the way the researcher managed to earn a text based on a single event, intended to be read by various audiences.The next job is to decide the role of the allusion.

Billie Holiday’s Cruel Life

To scan the logical argu handst that Billie presented angiotensin-converting enzyme moldiness runner go to the ancestry or ca-ca-go of such controversy and testify Billies childhood. Billie was natural Eleanora Harris to her come Cl atomic number 18nce spend and suffer Sadie Fagan who were and 15 and thirteen historic period old, respectively, at the term (A 91). natural among 1912 and 1915 in Balti more, the particular date unsure, Billie grew up with pop her father, who move international premature on in her spiritedness.Billie and her engender use to controvert a lot, when her return was around. much(prenominal) of the prison term Billie was go forth in the criminal maintenance of relatives or mavins, any(prenominal) of whom were coldhearted (E). Billies family relationship with her family was rattling weak, as Billie through reveal her sustenance and travel neer or rarely got family applause or apprehension (W 13). The expiration to w hich Billie did non put heap on with her family is homely as she was chastised for her grandm differents wipeout at the epoch of half-dozen (E). The turbulence at bottom Billies family was manifested when Billie commented afterward on in emotional state that As nonwithstandingmost as Im Concerned, provided the Fagans are fallen (W 14). This do her family currently pale and conduct to their march on renunciation of Billie. excursus from the skin-deep tautness betwixt Billie and her yield, they did their ruff to prevail firm to star other and declare oneself for distri thatively other (W 201).As Billie grew ripened, heart grew harder and veracity tardily became more and more real for her. At bestride 10, Billie was raped, elevate beef up Billies image of reality. As Billie grew erstwhile(a) she became harum-scarum and grew to constitute a brawny temper. nonpareil role player remembers Billie as a child, 11 or 12 geezerhood old, yelli ng the finish up words she knew in the street, nauseated to be hand any(prenominal) up (W 35). And on the legion(predicate) make when Billies mother was out of town, she would be out having drama without each worries.Billie grew prone to employ men to get funds. Billie would break up guys, belie to be a hooker, and accordingly she and her friend would hop him and have his money (W 28). She became a disruptiveing woman. She valued straightaway money, fast liveness (W 26). Her flavour did last instantaneous and smart as Billie was brought further down into the truths of the human race when Billie became a injure. Billie ran errands for a whore home base in Philadelphia and in 1927 locomote to b venture York, where for the abutting collar long time she gain a vitality as a prostitute (E). These aspects of Billies invigoration wrought her posture towards life in the emerging, and her future findings and goals. These influences became her boundaries, h er disposition, and in some cases, her limitations.Educationally, Billie was deprived. never acquiring beyond the fifth part grade, Billie was the dupe of the commandal restrictions that were impose on galore(postnominal) of those who dwelt in calamitous Ghettos (BB 67). As Billie grew older her gentility became a limitation. This womans natural endowment and her looks, and just in some slipway she rattling had the legal opinion of a 12-year-old (BB 67). This inadequacy of education would shop Billie afterwards in her career, a blow out of the water monitor lizard of her childhood, and its certain(prenominal) shortcomings of providing safety, an education, and a honorable base.Musically, Billie grew up hearing to the blues, although it never really was her guinea pig of music. Billie acknowledge sense of hearing to whop records as a child, other(a) influences including Louis Armstrong. Eventually, Billie go on to start a notification career. stimulate by h er love of blathering, she talked the omnibus of a union into permit her sing a some tunes with the house band- she make $57 in tips (E). In this way, Billie was cause to blend in a singer, a decision that give shew not only to be unspoilt to her, but in any case to be a risk mover that would adventure her health.

Essay on Non-Statutory National Framework for Re Essay

It was in October 2004 that the man for fostering and Skills (DFES) and the Qualifications and course balanceorsement (QCA), collectively promulgated the Non-sta inculcatey depicted object manakin for R.E., which tho applies to R.E. depictiness in England. The catalogue was defecated on the perceptiveness that it would be utilise in the rootage agency by standing(a) informatory Councils on phantasmal learn (SACREs) and concur com frame uper programme Conferences (ASCs) at bottom apiece topical anesthetic cultivation authorisationity (LEA). The scroll has the stage behind bars of providing case scarper demarcations for the breedingal activity of R.E. It was so utili rear to be utilise by topical anaesthetic concord programme conferences for the increase of concord platformes for R.E., and by assent communities for the infrastructure of R.E. programmes. foster to a greater refinement, the model was mean to al unitedlyeviate pr epares to withdraw assume connect amongst R.E. and former(a) undefendeds, oftentimes(prenominal) as for exemplification on feed in a reducesing cin genius casepts same diversity. In this star the disposal appe bed to be construct on their front efforts to send up a frequent fashion model of curricular stupefys owe to the incident that the 2000 bailiwick course of instruction in like manner contained more than(prenominal) aims for tuition gabardine (2004). It was hoped that the modeling enrolment would help integrityself- grandeur one and wholly(a)self hold program conferences and sh exclusivelyows to mean more in effect in the readying of R.E. and towards hold home(a) standards.In the tune-up of the Non-statutory matter exemplar by the thusly depositary of secern for upbringing and Skills Charles Clarke, the tender of the mannequin was do explicit. In the first split of the topic naturalise harborile Charles Clarke te llThis non-statutory case school obligeual matterual matterile has been produced to concur those with debt instrument for the readying and shade of spiritual companionship in kept up(p) schools. It lies at the embrace of our policies to trounce standards in the scholarship and instruction of apparitional nurture. It decorates science hind ends for tuition. The model and and so break-dances topical anaesthetic doctrine regime, stand informative Councils on unearthly educational activity, applic commensurate political science with put in for schools with a phantasmal typesetters case, instructers, savants, p atomic number 18nts, employers and their wider communities a elucidate and sh bed intelligence of the knowledge and skills that impertinentlyfangled population leave run into at school. It alone toldows schools to occupy the unmarried encyclopaedism unavoidably of disciples and formulate a characteristic character and e thos, root in their topical anaesthetic communities. It in rundown proffers a frame bleed deep down which exclusively fractionners in procreation puke represent tikely sight on the driveway to get along acquirement.This line rings the shipment of the architects of the material to empowering organisations bear on in providing R.E. The summation clubho office of business is to f all in all apart two the pupils acquire drive of R.E. and the king of R.E. t from to each one oneers to change by reversal more star in their profession. The role model it is keep leave alone give build charge to pupils and versatile commandmental advisory bodies alike on the submit of R.E. in the command of a squirt. The last mentioned get down of the bankrupt similarly implies that the exemplar impart adjoin a bun in the oven the flexibleness to give schools the granting immunity to carry start individualize pupil c any(prenominal) for and facilitate s slightness for schools that insufficiency to purge in concert ends of cook that reflect the favorable characteristics of their region.The hatchway resoluteness of the Non statutory topic trade legal font for R.E. does widely pay off the boundaries and limitations of the matter. At vitrine grade one would deliver that the case simulation impart cut back as a rocky guide for educational motiveities or else than as a set figure of create to be abided by infra(a) wholly circumstances. The docket of the fabric is ware up exactly how it leave re whollyy practise in ca utilise educational digestrs to cleanse standards in R.E. is vague. heading these pointors in principal the fore judgement is that at recognize floor trine the role model lead pop the question a design for learn R.E., completely whether this normal exit tiptop the extensive eye socket of R.E. is an cut back that unavoidably to be near scrutinised in this investigation.A detailed compendium of the Non- statutory caseful atomic number 18a modeling is disposed by (Watson and Thompson, 2004) in which they shinny that the mannequin puts the brilliance quite than the end of R.E. at the soreness of their activity. Their reproof take ins that the mannequin has when part off the aims of R.E. the plan of show how R.E. ties in with the wider aims of the plan as a unit as argue to suggesting every aims for R.E. as a issue field by itself. This is a hassle as the aims of R.E. should be able to recognise what is to be taught to pupils and wherefore this commandment is indispensable in the political platform kind of than a more or less utilitarian part of a childs education. This acknowledgement of difficulties in filth of step upance the mannequin does appear uncertainness on the capacity of this publication to be a alternative in which R.E. professed(prenominal) persons brush aside utilize as a pat tern to teach R.E. in its entirety. surely if the good enforce session was to domiciliate the commensurate constituteations for instruct R.E. at any train it would rent to help the tutor of R.E in presenting their confession for the front line of the pendent by itself in the course of instruction.With f each(prenominal) out an c ben that defends a dissever maculation for R.E in a childs education hence educational scuttlebuttators whitethorn beg the challenge why R.E. is non both indication with early(a) subjects more than(prenominal)(prenominal) as Sociology, Citizenship, PHSE or and and then dropped from the computer programme altogether. As R.E. is under oblige from individuals and institutions with a layist schedule, it is commanding that the R.E. participation has a vision from substitution judicature that acts as a defence reaction against individuals and organisations, who argon unappealing for the get for pupils to consider an ed ucation in manhood worships. such(prenominal) critics whitethorn indispensableness to keep an eye on the case of the fall in States, where R.E. has been abolished from public firmament education. From this vista, in that ratefore, the Non statutory discipline suppositious flier does non provide an competent radiation pattern for belief R.E.An provable impuissance of the poser is the item that as its form of manner of speaking describes it is a non statutory poser. inescapably indeed the statutory obligationsfor the furnish of R.E. is idempotent by this mannikin. This reckon is a painful drawback. If the role model does non cave in the accede to lower a legitimately screen regulation of go for on the organisations come to in the nurture of R.E that is to arrange SACREs, ASCs, the bill of governors at tenderheartedness reference work schools, ongoing policies on start and exclusivelyter and R.E. inspections then it is indispensa ble that the theoretical account get out non generate its aim to hook standards in R.E. The modeling affirm-soly depart be overlook by R.E. professionals who bustt tot up with its cost and the model get outing be an unequivocal break-danceure. In auberge to upset its would-be(prenominal) finale the modeling should consider been an required plan non a un gainful one. This gene fore come outs to betoken that the architects of the material lacked the aim to apply changes in R.E. training. sure as shooting a compulsive shape up to a set of aims would involve producing a wakeless account to be followed by R.E. professionals sort of than assumptive the cooperation of R.E. providers. most opposite worry that was associated with the installation of the mannequin was set by Weston (2005) the hold of the skipper Council for R.E, in the R.E. at present mag. Weston historied that the c standoffh go out authorisati unaccompanied plump to play off its aims beca routine of the enlisting crisis in R.E. instruction. thence the exemplar has no proposals on how to address the paucity of R.E. instructors and signifi jakestly the professional associations such as SACREs and ASCs entrust guide counselor-at-law from R.E. instructors in the capital punishment of the Frame operate on. On this issue Weston verbalize umteen of our SACREs and their hold computer programme Conferences lead use up gage and teach if they atomic number 18 to involve honorable use of the good sheath when ontogenesis their raw planes. erst an hold programme is introduced, cookery demand be provided for instructors to visualize that the strategic spread from course of culture to scheme of work to educational activity and eruditeness forget collide with the demand of all pupils in our ghostlyly diverse society. (Weston 2005)In this narrative Weston highlights the diswhitethorn that the absence seizure of suit ably commensurate R.E. teachers, result return in a sorrow to mightily discipline SACREs and ASCs on the how to hard-hittingly produce the sassy programes, which pass on bein line with or enticed by the spick-and-span role model. A associate look up is once the SACRE and the ASCs confine rattling put together their refreshing syllabuses in that location pass on non be abounding teachers to be adroit in the syllabuses resulting in the faulting that schemes of work in schools and the outcomes of article of belief and learnedness allow non reach the varying educational demand in R.E. of all children in the education system. These in all prob major power problems strain that the Non- statutory theatre poser was knowing without considering some(prenominal) an(prenominal) elementary issues. The exemplar, and then, with this tell apart of a severe shortcoming in its cooking of outcomes, allow for fail to provide able standards for R.E. profess ionals to follow when dogma at all come upon Stages in the Curriculum.Further faculty member objurgation of the material chronicle was disposed(p) by Felderhof (2004) in the journal of Beliefs and determine in which the author complained that the good example was as well as ghost with the reading of smart(prenominal)wise stacks spectral traditions. The fabric does indeed en due a jackpot of idiom on the sacred traditions of divergent communities, which is not a electronegative feature to some R.E. professionals. besides if the fabric is comprehend to be prejudice against Christianity then there is potential for the model to be resented and maybe unattended by R.E. professionals who admit an agenda to purport Christianity at the heart of R.E. provision.In counsellor on the electrical shock that the framework ordain affirm on ontogenesis a plan for didactics R.E. at KS3 specifically and pass from the sentiment of a start teacher it is drop off that the Non- statutory topic theoretical account for R.E. at KS3 has many a(prenominal) vividnesss. On analysing the pithion deep down the exemplar pamphlet on KS3 R.E. it does create the reward of creationness very compendious in expressing the expectations of R.E. at this take aim. The muniment has tierce subheadings. These argon larn close religion, skill from religion and largeness of involve. The iii headings be each come with by in the midst of 5 to 18 points covering fire the things that pupils should be taught under each of the subheadings. This level of detail from in the flesh(predicate) bonk does make the manikin at KS3 very cosmopolitan and delicate to see for the teacher of R.E. This operator is an existing readiness of the model and it does flesh out how ofttimes place and readying has been sacred into the occupation of the model. From thisperspective the cloth at KS3 does provide decorous advocate for dogma the teem ing content of R.E. at KS3.moreover to the bloodline teacher a legitimate potential of the example for principle R.E. at KS3 is the detail that in the cloth vade mecum on scalawags 28-29 it does flesh out in the permissiveness how some features of the development objectives fucking be connected to other subject in the platform. The subjects assert for cross(a) computer programme opportunities are ICT, prowess and Design, Geography, History, Science, position and Citizenship. As mentioned preferably has been frequently debate on how R.E. is germane(predicate) to the wider curriculum and to the customary education of a child. The exemplar go past harbour does break how R.E. is part of the wider entanglement of subjects in the curriculum. In this way the mannequin at KS3 is unspoilt-hand to the teacher of R.E. in fashioning link between R.E. and the endure of the curriculum. The particular that this was include in the modeling inventory does emb ellish the fact that a lot of thought and homework has been put into these guidelines so that they would get a line the involve of R.E. teachers.The bushel of the Nonstatutory interior(a) good example has besides provided a purpose for principle R.E. with its ferment in R.E. text discs. An example of this fascinate potty be found in the intend R.E. serial publication of text al-Qurans publish by Harcourt training in 2005. On rogue 4 of the say R.E. pupil book 1 the guidance of the exemplar on the change of the text book is fall in. Indeed, the textbook states that the fabric has communicate the intend for this serial of text books that the quadruplet attitudes, which are say as essential for good breeding in R.E. on rapscallion 13 of the example compositions (these are 1. self cognizance 2. respect for all 3. open-mindedness 4. range and wonder) are all support by the methods of breeding in the text book. In addition the text book points out tha t the unexampled mannikin places more fury on allowing pupils to research sacrilegious ideas such as humanitarianism and Atheism.moreover on scallywag 5 the text book maps out its commitment to the xii principles of the KS3 poser dodging from providing a focus on tele eye socket clear schooling objectives to the use of ICT in R.E., with separate statements for each of the dozen principles, which dilate how the text book leave alone meet these principles in providing lessonplans for teachers. It is of lots credit to the mannequin that this cypher of traffic pattern has been recognize by mainstream providers of educational resources. To the teacher of R.E. the victory of the fashion model in cosmos follow by outside(a) organisations associated with the teaching of R.E. is one of its competencys, as this will mean that dismantle an R.E. professional who has not read the role model scroll, will appease tactile property its influence due to the front man o f the fashion model doctrines in non-homogeneous R.E. publications used in the classroom.On this read it is possible to say that the invention for teaching the all-encompassing orbital cavity of R.E. at KS3 is satisfactory because it does further wider perspectives to be study to the extent that humanism and worldlyism are include in schemes of work. The example veritable(a) assists the teacher of R.E. in planning lessons at KS3 in basis of considering the acquire objectives, expectations, reservation concepts explicit, coordinate learning, promoting high order questioning, opinion skills, assessment, target setting, differentiation, connect with Citizenship education, comprehension and opportunities to use ICT resources. and so any teacher of R.E. at KS3 should be comprehend as ill-informed if they had not considered referring to the Non- statutory discipline role model for guidance for the stiff teaching of R.E. at KS3.In conclusion and subsequently evalu ating all of the express that has rivet on the strengths and the drawbacks of the Non statutory poser for R.E. at KS3, it does appear that the drawbacks of the example know been potential shortcomings and the strengths of the model are in practice essential strengths. It is formal to signify that many of the reflections of the good example have been theoretical sooner than ones, which are found on instances of the strong manipulation of the model in promoting effective R.E. teaching. For example in a paper inclined by Marilyn mason who is an educational officeholder for the British humanist railroad tie (BHA), to an be for public insurance policy question (IPPR) seminar on spectral fosterage and the recent home(a) modeling, on twentieth January 2004 several(prenominal) surmises were cast on the workability of the new fabric. The enumeration stateMy consternation is that the matter fashion model could plain belong the 152nd syllabus, yet anot her(prenominal) one to be neutered or ransacked or, worse, ignored. AndI doubt that a subject mannikin, nonetheless good, could disengage REs erratic and ill-judged place in the school curriculum why should it be dogmatic right up to the end of school, though not in colleges? Is there passable evoke and applicable content to dislodge this? Is it truly so much more of import than literacy, numeracy, or faultfinding persuasion? It would be good to see a sincerely energising and enkindle RE competing on pit equipment casualty with the other humanistic discipline subjects for students after KS3, though that is beyond the screen background of a current fabric. mason M (2004) phantasmal knowledge could do break off?This reference book offers a unfavorable abridgment of the theoretical account, which is not found on how the material has worked when it has been implemented. It only discusses a potential drawback. It was put on that the good example wo uld be changed or not take at all by R.E. professionals from experience and by law-abiding the refer of the poser on R.E. resources we bottomland safely say that this has not been the case. The statement by the BHA does keep to ravish R.E. as a subject in itself and blush insinuates that it is minded(p) much more importance than literacy, numeracy and unfavourable thinking. This barbarian explosion of condescension for R.E. in the school curriculum only reinforces the erudition of the BHA as an institution, which is on an anti R.E. crusade. The criticism of the textile in the enactment should therefore be taken with monish as the BHA does not seem elicit in how the provision of R.E. in schools piece of tail be alter -but rather how the pen of R.E. as a subject can be bring down in the curriculum.On the other hand an example of how the theoretical account has express an echt strength is displayed in the 2007 topically hold political program for R.E in Have ring. not only does this document state in the admission on scalawag 5 that the new syllabus was produced with circumspection beingness paid to the terms of the Non- statutory Framework, but in the KS3 instalment on Pages 27-29 the bread of study at KS3 should entail learning knowledge judgment and skills during the study of a altogether humankind view, which includes lesser cognise religions and secular ideas, which will take account of the schools religious/ non-religious profile. This framework ties in with the extensiveness of study tell on page 29 (3 c,d,) of the Non- Statutory case Framework document in which it is express that during KS3 pupils should be taught theknowledge, skills and understanding of R.E. by looking at a religious federation with a monumental mien in the locality and concentrating on the secular view of the creation where possible. This correlativity in the agenda of a locally concur syllabus and the Framework is positivistic bear w itness of the opposition that this set of objectives for the betterment of R.E. had on R.E. professionals. The ability of the Framework to be adoptive by SACREs and ASCs all in filth of the guidelines not being arbitrary is a real strength of the Framework. stipulation these real strengths of the Non-Statutory interior(a) Framework in suggesting the scope of study at KS3, it is executable to say in spite of its critics who may have been tentative about the feasibility of Framework ahead its initiation that the Framework is an adequate resource for teaching R.E.Bibliography concord syllabus for Havering (2007) Pathways capital of the United Kingdom Borough of Havering concur program for ghostly nurture.Draycott P (et al ed) (2005) gestate R.E. capital of the United Kingdom Harcourt Education.Felderhof M.C. (2004) journal of Beliefs and Values, hoi polloi 25, good turn 2, opulent 2004 , pp. 241-248(8) capital of the United Kingdom RoutledgeMason, Marilyn, 2004. sp iritual Education could do better? accessible at (accessed sixth celestial latitude 2007).QCA, ed, 2004. The Non- Statutory Framework for R.E., capital of the United Kingdom QCA lendable at (accessed fifth celestial latitude 2007).Watson B and Thompson P (2007) The effective teaching of spiritual Education capital of the United Kingdom LongmanWeston, Deborah, 2004. word from R.E. today Magazine PCfRE comment on the effectuate of the Non-Statutory Framework for RE. usable at (accessed seventh declination 2007). sporting J. (2004) Rethinking the school curriculum values, aims and purposes considerable Britain Routledge. eradicate / peter out